.

No Announcement

"O Allah! We seek goodness from Your Knowledge and with Your Power (and Might) We seek strength, and We ask from You Your Great Blessings, because You have the Power and We do not have the power. You Know everything and I do not know, and You have knowledge of the unseen. Oh Allah! If in Your Knowledge this action (We are about to take) is better for my religion and faith, for our life and end [death], for here [in this world] and the hereafter then make it destined for us and make it easy for us and then add blessings [baraka'] in it, for us. O Allah! In Your Knowledge if this action is bad for us, bad for our religion and faith, for our life and end [death], for here [in this world] and the hereafter then turn it away from us and turn us away from it and whatever is better for us, ordain [destine] that for us and then make us satisfied with it."

NOTE


عَنْ عُمَيْرِ بْنِ هَانِئٍ الْعَنْسِيِّ ، قَالَ : سَمِعْتُ عَبْدَ اللَّهِ بْنَ عُمَرَ ، يَقُولُ : كُنَّا قُعُودًا عِنْدَ رَسُولِ اللَّهِ ، فَذَكَرَ الْفِتَنَ فَأَكْثَرَ فِي ذِكْرِهَا حَتَّى ذَكَرَ فِتْنَةَ الْأَحْلَاسِ ، فَقَالَ قَائِلٌ : يَا رَسُولَ اللَّهِ وَمَا فِتْنَةُ الْأَحْلَاسِ ؟ قَالَ : ” هِيَ هَرَبٌ وَحَرْبٌ ، ثُمَّ فِتْنَةُ السَّرَّاءِ ، دَخَنُهَا مِنْ تَحْتِ قَدَمَيْ رَجُلٍ مِنْ أَهْلِ بَيْتِي يَزْعُمُ أَنَّهُ مِنِّي ، وَلَيْسَ مِنِّي ، وَإِنَّمَا أَوْلِيَائِي الْمُتَّقُونَ ، ثُمَّ يَصْطَلِحُ النَّاسُ عَلَى رَجُلٍ كَوَرِكٍ عَلَى ضِلَعٍ ، ثُمَّ فِتْنَةُ الدُّهَيْمَاءِ ، لَا تَدَعُ أَحَدًا مِنْ هَذِهِ الْأُمَّةِ إِلَّا لَطَمَتْهُ لَطْمَةً ، فَإِذَا قِيلَ : انْقَضَتْ ، تَمَادَتْ يُصْبِحُ الرَّجُلُ فِيهَا مُؤْمِنًا ، وَيُمْسِي كَافِرًا ، حَتَّى يَصِيرَ النَّاسُ إِلَى فُسْطَاطَيْنِ ، فُسْطَاطِ إِيمَانٍ لَا نِفَاقَ فِيهِ ، وَفُسْطَاطِ نِفَاقٍ لَا إِيمَانَ فِيهِ ، فَإِذَا كَانَ ذَاكُمْ فَانْتَظِرُوا الدَّجَّالَ ، مِنْ يَوْمِهِ ، أَوْ مِنْ غَدِهِ ” أبو داود
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The Webmaster (Pok Nik) would like to express his highest gratitude and thanks to (Almarhum) Ustaz Haji Ahmad Junaidin bin Che Din for his permission and greatest support in order to make this Global Abjad Blog as a reality.

Contact Pok Nik at : pgssajkm@gmail.com

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Importance of a good shaykh by Shaykh Abd'al-Qadir al-Jilani Radi Allahu anhu

Al Ghawth al-Adham Shaykh Sayyad Abd'al-Qadir al-Jilani Radi 'Allahu anhu said: You must work hard to ensure that your hearts are not locked out of the door of His nearness. Be sensible! You are getting nowhere. You must seek the company of a Shaykh who is learned in the law [hukm] and knowledge ['ilm] of Allah (Almighty and Glorious is He), and who will show you the way toward Him. Without seeing the successful [muflih], one cannot succeed. If a person does not seek the company of scholars who put their knowledge into practice ['ulama 'ummal], he is a chicken from an egg abandoned by the rooster and the mother hen.

Seek the fellowship of those who enjoy fellowship with the Lord of Truth (Almighty and Glorious is He). What each of you should do, when the night has grown dark and people have gone to bed and their voices are silent, is get up, take an ablution [yatawadda'], perform two cycles of ritual prayer [yusalli rak'atain] and say: "O my Lord, guide me to one of Your righteous servants near to You, so that he may guide me toward You and make me familiar with Your path." The instrument [sabab] is necessary. Allah (Almighty and Glorious is He) was quite capable of guiding [His servants] to Him without the Prophets [anbiya']. Be sensible! You are getting nowhere. You must awaken from your heedless folly. As the Beloved Prophet Salla Allahu ta'ala 'alayhi wa Sallam has said: If someone relies entirely on his own subjective judgement, he will go astray. Try to find someone who will be a mirror for the face of your religion [din], just as you look in the mirror to check the appearance of your outer face, your turban and your hair. Be sensible! What is this crazy foolishness? You say, "I don't need anyone to teach me," and yet the Beloved Prophet Salla Allahu ta'ala 'alayhi wa Sallam has said: The believer is the believer's mirror [al-mu'minu mir'atu 'l-mu'min].

When the believer's faith is sound, he comes to be a mirror for all creatures. They behold their religious faces [wujuh adyanihim] reflected in the mirror of his speech, every time they see him and get close to him. What is this craziness? Not a moment goes by without your begging Allah (Almighty and Glorious is He) to provide you with more than you already have to eat, to drink, and to wear, with more sexual opportunities and more income. These are not things that could increase or decrease, even if you were to be joined in your plea by every supplicant whose prayers are answered [da 'in mujab].

Supplication [da 'wa] will neither increase one's sustenance by so much as an atom, nor reduce it by an atom. This is a foregone conclusion [mafrugh minhu]. You must devote your attention to doing what you have been commanded to do, and to avoiding what you have been forbidden to do. You should not worry about that which is bound to come your way, because He guarantees that it will come to you. Allotted shares [aqsam] arrive at their appointed times, whether they be sweet or bitter, whether you like them or dislike them.

The people [of the Way] attain to a condition in which they no longer have any prayer of supplication [du'a] or request [su'al] to make. They do not beg [in their prayers] to gain advantages, nor to get rid of disadvantages. Their supplication comes to be a matter concerning their hearts, sometimes for their own sake and sometimes for the sake of all creatures, so they utter the prayer of supplication without conscious premeditation [fi ghaiba].
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"O '' Allah, endow us with good behaviour in Your company under all circumstances!
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[When the believer's faith is sound], fasting [sawm], prayer [salat], remembrance [dhikr] and all acts of obedience [ta 'at] become second nature to him, mingled with his flesh and blood. Then he receives protection from Allah (Almighty and Glorious is He) under all circumstances. The restraint of the law [hukm] does not desert him, not for an instant, while he is on this course. The law comes to be like the vessel in which he sits, as he travels over the ocean of the power [qudra] of his Lord (Almighty and Glorious is He). He goes on traveling over it until he arrives at the shore of the hereafter, at the shore of the ocean of grace and the hand of nearness. Thus he is sometimes in the company of creatures and at certain times in the company of the Creator. His work and toil are with creatures, while his relaxation is with the Creator.
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From Shaykh 'Abd al-Qadir al-Jilani, "The Sublime Revelation (Al-Fath ar-Rabbani)," translated by Muhtar Holland (Al-Baz Publishing, Houston, 1992), p. 426-8.
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On the authority of Abu Hurayrah r.a., who said that Prophet Muhammad S.A.W. said: Allah SWT said:

Whosoever shows enmity to someone devoted to Me, I shall be at war with him. My servant draws not near to Me with anything more loved by Me than the religious duties I have enjoined upon him, and My servant continues to draw near to Me with supererogatory works so that I shall love him. When I love him I am his hearing with which he hears, his seeing with which he sees, his hand with which he strikes and his foot with which he walks. Were he to ask [something] of Me, I would surely give it to him, and were he to ask Me for refuge, I would surely grant him it. I do not hesitate about anything as much as I hesitate about [seizing] the soul of My faithful servant: he hates death and I hate hurting him. (It was related by al-Bukhari)
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“Allah! There is no God save Him, the Alive, the Eternal. Neither slumber nor sleep overtaketh Him. Unto Him belongeth whatsoever is in the heavens and whatsoever is in the earth. Who is he that intercedeth with Him save by His leave? He knoweth that which is in front of them and that which is behind them, while they encompass nothing of His knowledge save what He will. His throne includeth the heavens and the earth, and He is never weary of preserving them. He is the Sublime, the Tremendous.”

Friday, January 21, 2011

FROM ISLAMIC BANKING TO HALAL HUB

by Nik Zafri (extracted from http://www.nikzafri.blogspot.com with permission from the author)



Just like Kosher, Halal Hub has become one of the most successful global business in the world. This is because every major halal certification and religious bodies are working closely with halal manufacturers, suppliers, sellers, buyers, consumers, end users etc.. It becomes the most efficient supply chain I have ever seen myself.

In Malaysia, Halal; like Islamic Banking; has affected almost everyone's life - Muslim and Non-Muslim alike. The Halal Hub construction owned by Perbadanan Industri Halal Berhad stands as a living proof that Malaysia is really serious about Halal.

The only setback is to network more effectively with other Halal authorities to ensure whatever being imported are according to the Halal Standard (for Malaysia, it's MS 1500 (latest version recently issued) - combined with GMP dan where applicable HACCP) Two other issues may need to be addressed is export and penetration to the global Islamic Market and the acceptance and recognition of FDA.

I'm aware of the Codex Alimentarius Commission thinks about Malaysia's Halal prospects.

Having Codex is a good thing but it's of not much use if everyone is having their very own standards and codes of practice especially such codes are customized according to the differents sects (Madzhab)

Thus, the Islamic World need to come out with a more comprehensive "Codex" that takes into account the circumstances of hukum based on native Islamic country which may have a certain "leeway and tolerance". If it is to be too stringent, then we may encounter a little bit of a problem of achieving the KPI of increasing the number of halal entrepreneurs. As in many cases, it's not about too many "tolerances or leeways", it is about enforcement.

What is recommended to be done besides giving the Halal certification, the most important is the authorities should have more men, not necessarily paid salary staff but even appointed from the general public. They need to be like "Rakan Cop" and report back to the authorities for further action. But first, they need to be properly trained. (perhaps such module can also be combined into short courses for handling food? - Health Inspectors? Municipal Councils? any takers?)

We shouldn't adopt the attitude wait for report to be lodged, wait for witness, wait for evidence of non-conformity etc, then we'll take action. Halal is not about firefighting, it's about adequate follow-up & surveillance.

I also notice the "Sharie Council" is focussed more on popular fast food chain rather than the slaughtering house. I recommend there should be at least one religious officer to control a certain zone of halal manufacturers from some sort like a kiosk or something like that.

The other challenge is about talking more on OTHER food products rather than focussing "too much on meat and slaughtering issue" I take an example, Artificial White Wine Non-Alchoholic Drink - many Muslims are having "was-was" about the product as well. The attitude need to be changed.

There is also a dire need for the global Halal Authorities to compare within such Codex (perhaps in the Annexure), the difference between Halal and Kosher as well - what can and what cannot be taken.

Despite this "Islamic Codex" may be a bit thicker but I'm sure judging by the success of Islamic Banking with all the thick "codes of practice", I'm confident that Halal can also dominate but playing a harmonic role with Kosher.

Thursday, January 6, 2011

Galaxies Are Billions of Light-Years Away, So Isn’t the Universe Billions of Years Old?

Source : http://www.creationscience.com

Figure 186: Atomic Clock. This atomic clock at the United States National Institute of Standards and Technology is named NIST-7. If its time were compared with a similar clock 6 million years from now, they might differ by only one second! A newer development, called NIST F-1, will achieve three times greater precision by cooling the vibrating atoms to nearly absolute zero. Despite the extreme precision of atomic clocks, we have no assurance that they are not all drifting relative to “true” time. In other words, we can marvel at the
precision of atomic clocks, but we cannot be certain of their accuracy.


The logic behind this common question has several hidden assumptions, two of which are addressed by the following italicized questions:

a. Was space, along with light emitted by stars, rapidly stretched out soon after creation began? If so, energy would have been added to the universe and starlight during that stretching. Pages 377382 show that the scientific evidence clearly favors this stretching explanation over the big bang theory, which also claims that space expanded rapidly. (Yet, the big bang theory says all this expansion energy, plus all the matter in the universe, was, at the beginning of time, inside a volume much smaller than a pinhead.

b. Has starlight always traveled at its present speed—about 186,000 miles per second or, more precisely, 299,792.458 kilometers per second?

If either (a) space and its starlight were stretched out, or (b) the speed of light was much faster in the past, then distant stars should be visible in a young universe. Here we will address possibility (b) by examining the historical measurements of the speed of light.

Historical Measurements. During the past 300 years, at least 164 separate measurements of the speed of light have been published. Sixteen different measurement techniques were used. Astronomer Barry Setterfield of Australia has studied these measurements, especially their precision and experimental errors.1. His results show that the speed of light has apparently decreased so rapidly that experimental error cannot explain it! In the seven instances where the same scientists remeasured the speed of light with the same equipment years later, a decrease was always reported. The decreases were often several times greater than the reported experimental errors. I have conducted other analyses that weight (or give significance to) each measurement according to its accuracy. Even after considering the wide range of accuracies, it is hard to see how one can claim, with any statistical rigor, that the speed of light has remained constant.2.

M. E. J. Gheury de Bray, in 1927, was probably the first to propose a decreasing speed of light.3. He based his conclusion on measurements spanning 75 years. Later, he became more convinced and twice published his results in Nature,4. possibly the most prestigious scientific journal in the world. He emphasized, “If the velocity of light is constant, how is it that, invariably, new determinations give values which are lower than the last one obtained ... There are twenty-two coincidences in favour of a decrease of the velocity of light, while there is not a single one against it.”5. [emphasis in original]

Although the measured speed of light has decreased only about 1% during the past three centuries, the decrease is statistically significant, because measurement techniques can detect changes thousands of times smaller. While the older measurements have greater errors, the trend of the data is startling. The farther back one looks in time, the more rapidly the speed of light seems to have been decreasing. Various mathematical curves fit these three centuries of data. When some of those curves are projected back in time, the speed of light becomes so fast that light from distant galaxies conceivably could have reached Earth in several thousand years.

No scientific law requires the speed of light to be constant.6. Many simply assume that it is constant, and of course, changing old ways of thinking is sometimes difficult. Russian cosmologist, V. S. Troitskii, at the Radiophysical Research Institute in Gorky, is also questioning some old beliefs. He concluded, independently of Setterfield, that the speed of light was 10 billion times faster at time zero!7. Furthermore, he attributed the cosmic microwave background radiation and most redshifts to this rapidly decreasing speed of light. Setterfield reached the same conclusion concerning redshifts by a different method. If either Setterfield or Troitskii is correct, the big bang theory will fall (with a big bang).

Other cosmologists are proposing an enormous decay in the speed of light.8. Several of their theoretical problems with the big bang theory are solved if light once traveled millions of times faster.9.

Atomic vs. Orbital Time. Why would the speed of light decrease? T. C. Van Flandern, working at the U.S. Naval Observatory, showed that atomic clocks are probably slowing relative to orbital clocks.10. Orbital clocks are based on orbiting astronomical bodies, especially Earth’s one-year period about the Sun. Before 1967, one second of time was defined by international agreement as 1/31,556,925.9747 of the average time it takes Earth to orbit the Sun. On the other hand, atomic clocks are based on the vibrational period of the cesium-133 atom. In 1967, a second was redefined as 9,192,631,770 oscillations of the cesium-133 atom. Van Flandern showed that if atomic clocks are “correct,” the orbital speeds of Mercury, Venus, and Mars are increasing. Consequently, the gravitational “constant” should be changing. However, he noted that if orbital clocks are “correct,” then the gravitational constant is truly constant, but atomic vibrations and the speed of light are decreasing. The drift between the two types of clocks was only several parts per billion per year. But again, the precision of the measurements is so good that the discrepancy is probably real.

For the following four reasons, orbital clocks seem to be correct and atomic frequencies are probably slowing very slightly.

  • If atomic clocks and Van Flandern’s study are correct, the gravitational “constant” should be changing. Other studies have not detected variations in the gravitational constant.
  • If a planet’s orbital speed increased (and all other orbital parameters remained the same), the planet’s energy would increase. That would violate the law of conservation of mass-energy.
  • If atomic time is slowing, then clocks based on the radioactive decay of atoms should also be slowing. Radiometric dating techniques would give ages that are too old. This would bring radiometric clocks more in line with most dating clocks. [See pages 3740.] It would also explain why no primordial isotopes have half-lives of less than 50 million years. Such isotopes simply decayed away when radioactive decay rates were much greater.11.
  • If atomic frequencies are decreasing, then five “properties” of the atom, such as Planck’s constant, should also be changing. Statistical studies of past measurements show that four of the five “constants” are changing—and in the right direction.12.

So, orbital clocks seem to be more accurate than the extremely precise atomic clocks.13.

I initially doubted Setterfield’s claim, because the decrease in the speed-of-light measurements ceased in 1960. Large, one-time changes seldom occur in nature. The measurement techniques were precise enough to detect any decrease in the speed of light after 1960, if the trend of the prior three centuries had continued. Later, Setterfield realized that beginning in the 1960s, atomic clocks were used to measure the speed of light. If atomic frequencies are decreasing, then both the measured quantity (the speed of light) and the newly adopted measuring tool (atomic clocks) are changing at the same rate. Naturally, no relative change would be detected, and the speed of light would be constant in atomic time—but not orbital time.

Misconceptions. Does the decrease in the speed of light conflict with the statement frequently attributed to Albert Einstein that the speed of light is constant? Not really. Einstein said that the speed of light was not altered by the velocity of the light’s source. Setterfield says that the speed of light decreases over time.

Einstein’s statement that the speed of light is independent of the velocity of the light source, is called Einstein’s Second Postulate. (Many have misinterpreted it to mean that “Einstein said the speed of light is constant over time.”) Einstein’s Second Postulate is surprising, but probably true. Wouldn’t we expect a ball thrown from a fast train in the forward direction to travel faster than one thrown in the opposite direction, at least to an observer on the ground? While that is true for a thrown ball, some experimental evidence indicates it is not true for light.14. Light, launched from a fast-moving train, will travel at the same speed in all directions. This strange property of light led to the more extensive theory of special relativity.15.

Some people give another explanation for why we see distant stars in a young universe. They believe that God created a beam of light between Earth and each star. Of course, a creation would immediately produce completed things. Instantly, they would look much older than they really were. This is called “creation with the appearance of age.” The concept is sound. However, for starlight, this presents two difficulties:

  • Bright, exploding stars are called supernovas. If starlight, seemingly from a supernova, had been created en route to Earth and did not originate at the surface of an exploding star, then what exploded? Only a relatively short beam would have been created near Earth. If the image of an explosion was created on that short beam of light, then the star never existed and the explosion never happened. One finds this hard to accept.
  • Every hot gas radiates a unique set of precise colors, called its emission spectrum. The gaseous envelope around each star also emits specific colors that identify the chemical composition of the gas. Because all starlight has emission spectra, this strongly suggests that a star’s light originated at the star—not in cold, empty space. Each beam of starlight also carries other information, such as the star’s spin rate, magnetic field, surface temperature, and the chemical composition of the cold gases between the star and Earth. Of course, God could have created this beam of light with all this information in it. However, the real question is not “Could God have done it?” but “Did He?”

Therefore, starlight seems to have originated at stellar surfaces, not in empty space.


Figure 187: Hubble Deep Field North. The Hubble Space Telescope, searching for evolving galaxies in December 1995, focused for 10 continuous days on a tiny patch of sky, so small when viewed from Earth that a grain of sand held at arm’s length would cover that area. This picture of that tiny patch of sky is called Hubble Deep Field North. Most objects in it are not isolated stars, but galaxies, each containing billions of stars. Of the 3,000 galaxies photographed that emitted enough light to measure their redshifts, which presumably measure distance, all seemed surprisingly mature. As stated in Scientific American, “the formation of ‘ordinary’ spiral and elliptical galaxies is apparently still out of reach of most redshift surveys.”16. Moreover, fully formed clusters of galaxies, not just galaxies, are seen at the greatest distances visible to the Hubble Space Telescope.17. In 1998 and 2004, similar pictures—with similar results—were taken.

Think about this. There is not enough time in the age of the universe (even as evolutionists imagine it, times a billion) for gravity to pull together all the particles comprising clusters of galaxies.18. (As explained under “Galaxies” on page 33, clusters of galaxies cannot form, even granting all this time.) Because the most current studies show fully-formed galaxies even farther away than those shown above,19. creation becomes the logical and obvious alternative. We may be seeing galaxies as they looked months after they were created. Vast amounts of time are no longer needed. [See page 386.]

Figure 188: Spiral Galaxies. The arms in these six representative spiral galaxies have about the same amount of twist. Their distances from Earth are shown in light-years. (One light-year, the distance light travels in one year, equals 5,879,000,000,000 miles.) For the light from all galaxies to arrive at Earth tonight, the more distant galaxies, which had to release their light long before the closer galaxies, did not have as much time to rotate and twist their arms. Therefore, farther galaxies should have less twist. Of course, if light traveled millions of times faster in the past, the farthest galaxies did not have to send their light long before the nearest galaxies. Spiral galaxies should have similar twists. This turns out to be the case.21. The galaxies are: A) M33 or NGC 598; B) M101 or NGC 5457; C) M51 or NGC 5194; D) NGC 4559; E) M88 or NGC 4501; and F) NGC 772. All distances are taken from R. Brent Tully, Nearby Galaxies Catalog (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1988).

Surprising Observations. Starlight from distant stars and galaxies is redshifted—meaning that their light is redder than one might expect. Although other interpretations are possible, most astronomers have interpreted redshifted light to be a wave effect, similar to that of the lower pitch of a train’s whistle when the train is going away from an observer. As the wave emitter (train or star) moves away from an observer, the waves are stretched, making them lower in pitch (for the train) or redder in color (for the star or galaxy). The greater a star’s or galaxy’s redshift, the faster it is supposedly moving away from us.

Since 1976, William Tifft, a University of Arizona astronomer, has found that the redshifts of distant stars and galaxies typically differ from each other by only a few fixed amounts.20. This is very strange if stars are actually moving away from us. It would be as if galaxies could travel only at specific speeds, jumping abruptly from one speed to another, without passing through intermediate speeds. If stars are not moving away from us at high speeds, the big bang theory is wrong, along with many other related beliefs in the field of cosmology. Other astronomers, not initially believing Tifft’s results, did similar work and reached the same conclusion.

All atoms give off tiny bundles of energy (called quanta) of fixed amounts—and nothing in between. So, Setterfield believes that the “quantization of redshifts,” as many describe it, is an atomic effect, not a strange recessional-velocity effect. If space slowly absorbs energy from all emitted light, it would do so in fixed increments, which would redshift starlight, with the farthest star’s light red-shifting the most. Setterfield is working on a theory to tie this and the decay in the speed of light together. If he is correct, we should soon see the redshifts of a few distant galaxies suddenly decrease. This may explain why two distinct redshifts are seen in each of several well-studied galaxies;22. they are obviously not flying apart!

Another surprising observation is that most distant galaxies look remarkably similar to nearer galaxies. For example, galaxies are fully developed and show no signs of evolving. This puzzles astronomers.23. If the speed of light has decreased drastically, these distant, yet mature, galaxies no longer need explaining. Also, the light from a distant galaxy would have reached Earth not too long after the light from nearby galaxies. This may be why spiral galaxies, both near and far, have similar twists. [See Figure 188.]

A Critical Test. If the speed of light has decreased a millionfold, we should observe events in outer space in extreme slow motion. Here is why.

Imagine a time in the distant past when the speed of light was a million times faster than it is today. On a hypothetical planet, billions of light-years from Earth, a light started flashing toward Earth every second. Each flash then began a very long trip to Earth. Because the speed of light was a million times greater than it is today, those initial flashes were spaced a million times farther apart than they would have been at today’s slower speed of light.

Now, thousands of years later, imagine that throughout the universe, the speed of light has slowed to today’s speed. The first of those light flashes—strung out like beads sliding down a long string—are approaching Earth. The large distances separating adjacent flashes have remained constant during those thousands of years, so the moving flashes slowed in unison. Because the first flashes to strike Earth are spaced so far apart, they will strike Earth every million seconds. In other words, we are seeing past events on that planet (the flashing of a light) in slow motion. If the speed of light has been decreasing since the creation, then the farther out in space we look, the more extreme this slow motion becomes.

About half the stars in our galaxy are binary. That is, they and a companion star are in a tight orbit around their common center of mass. If there is a “slow-motion effect,” the apparent orbital periods of binary stars should tend to increase with increasing distance from Earth. If the speed of light has been decreasing, the Hubble Space Telescope may eventually find that binary stars at great distances have very long orbital periods, showing that we are observing them in slow motion.

References and Notes

1.

Trevor Norman and Barry Setterfield, The Atomic Constants, Light, and Time (Box 318, Blackwood, South Australia, 5051: self-published, 1987).

2.

Two creationist physicists have claimed that the data shows no statistically significant change in the speed of light. See, for example:

u

Gerald E. Aardsma, “Has the Speed of Light Decayed?” Impact, No. 179 (El Cajon, California: The Institute for Creation Research), May 1988.

u

Gerald E. Aardsma, “Has the Speed of Light Decayed Recently?” Creation Research Society Quarterly, Vol. 25, June 1988, pp. 36–40.

u

Robert H. Brown, “Statistical Analysis of the Atomic Constants, Light and Time,” Creation Research Society Quarterly, Vol. 25, September 1988, pp. 91–95.

Their calculations contain mathematical errors which, if corrected, would support the hypothesis that the speed of light has decreased. I have discussed these matters with each author. The following professional statisticians have verified my conclusions or have reached similar conclusions independently:

Michael Hasofer, University of New South Wales, Sidney 2033, Australia.

David J. Merkel, 11 Sunnybank Road, Aston, Pennsylvania 19014, U.S.A.

Alan Montgomery, 218 McCurdy Drive, Kanata, Ontario K2L 2L6, Canada.

3.

“The Velocity of Light,” Science, Vol. 66, Supplement x, 30 September 1927.

4.

M. E. J. Gheury de Bray, “The Velocity of Light,” Nature, 24 March 1934, p. 464.

u

M. E. J. Gheury de Bray, “The Velocity of Light,” Nature, 4 April 1931, p. 522.

5.

Ibid.

6.

Light beams are considered to be traveling in a vacuum. Light traveling through any substance—such as air, water, or glass—travels at slightly slower speeds.

u

In two published experiments, the speed of light was exceeded by as much as a factor of 100! The first experiment involved radio signals which, of course, are a type of light. [See P. T. Pappas and Alexis Guy Obolensky, “Thirty Six Nanoseconds Faster Than Light,” Electronics and Wireless World, December 1988, pp. 1162–1165.] The second report referred to a theoretical derivation and a simple experiment that allowed electrical signals to greatly exceed the speed of light. This derivation follows directly from Maxwell’s equations. The special conditions involved extremely thin electrical conductors with very low capacitance and inductance. [See Harold W. Milnes, “Faster Than Light?” Radio-Electronics, Vol. 54, January 1983, pp. 55–58.]

Another phenomenon allows light to slightly exceed its normal speed. [See Julian Brown, “Faster Than the Speed of Light,” New Scientist, 1 April 1995, pp. 26–29. Also see Jon Marangos, “Faster than a Speeding Photon,” Nature, Vol. 406, 20 July 2000, pp. 243–244.] However, this effect does not explain distant light in a young universe.

7.

V. S. Troitskii, “Physical Constants and the Evolution of the Universe,” Astrophysics and Space Science, Vol. 139, December 1987, pp. 389–411.

8.

“We have shown how a time varying speed of light could provide a resolution to the well-known cosmological puzzles.” Andreas Albrecht and João Magueijo, “A Time Varying Speed of Light as a Solution to Cosmological Puzzles,” Physical Review D, 15 February 1999, p. 043516-9. [The authors state that light may have traveled thirty orders of magnitude faster than it does today!]

u

“It is remarkable when you can find one simple idea [a decaying speed of light] that has so many appealing consequences.” John D. Barrow, Professor of Astronomy and Director of the Astronomy Centre at the University of Sussex, as quoted by Steve Farrar, “Speed of Light Slowing Down,” London Sunday Times, 15 November 1998.

u

“If light initially moved much faster than it does today and then decelerated sufficiently rapidly early in the history of the Universe, then all three cosmological problems—the horizon, flatness and lambda problems—can be solved at once.” John D. Barrow, “Is Nothing Sacred?” New Scientist, Vol. 163, 24 July 1999, p. 28.

Two comments. First, each problem Barrow mentions is actually a reason for concluding the big bang theory is wrong. Second, no scientific law says that the speed of light is a constant. It has only been assumed to be such. In fact, today it is arbitrarily defined as a constant.

9.

For example, “the horizon problem” recognizes that opposite extremes of the universe have the same temperature. Why should this be? The universe isn’t old enough for such vastly separated regions ever to have had contact with each other. Light doesn’t travel fast enough—at least not today.

10.

T. C. Van Flandern, “Is the Gravitational Constant Changing?” The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 248, 1 September 1981, pp. 813–816.

u

T. C. Van Flandern, “Is the Gravitational Constant Changing?” Precision Measurement and Fundamental Constants II, editors B. N. Taylor and W. D. Phillips, National Bureau of Standards (U.S.A.), Special Publication 617, 1984, pp. 625–627.

11.

Some who believe in an old universe have a different explanation. Those isotopes are extinct because so much time has passed. However, this explanation raises a counterbalancing question: How did those isotopes, and 97% of all elements, form? The standard answer is that these elements appeared during 13.7 billion years’ worth of supernova explosions. This is speculation, because no supporting evidence has been found. Besides, in our galaxy, we see the remnants of only 7,000 years’ worth of supernovas. [See "Supernova Remnants" on page 39.]

12.

Alan Montgomery and Lambert Dolphin, “Is the Velocity of Light Constant in Time?” Galilean Electrodynamics, Vol. 4, September–October 1993, pp. 93–97.

13.

“Precision” should not be confused with “accuracy.” Atomic clocks are very precise, but not necessarily accurate. They keep very consistent time with each other, and each atomic clock can subdivide a second into 9 billion parts. This is remarkable precision. But what if this entire global network of atomic clocks is drifting—speeding up or slowing down? Precision, while impressive, is a necessary but not sufficient requirement for accuracy.

14.

Kenneth Brecher, “Is the Speed of Light Independent of the Velocity of the Source?” Physical Review Letters, Vol. 39, 24 October 1977, pp. 1051–1054.

15.

Another question concerns Einstein’s well-known formula, E=mc2, which gives the energy (E) released when a nuclear reaction annihilates a mass (m). If the speed of light (c) decreases, then one might think that either E must decrease or m must increase. Not necessarily.

In the universe, time could flow according to either atomic time or orbital time. Under which standard would E=mc2 be a true statement? Mass-energy would be conserved under both; in other words, the energy or mass of an isolated system would not depend on how fast time passed. Obviously, E=mc2 would be true in atomic time where c is constant, but not in orbital time where c appears to decrease. Today, E=mc2 will be approximately correct even in orbital time.

Nuclear reactions convert mass to energy. Unfortunately, the extremely small mass lost and large energy produced cannot be measured precisely enough to test whether E=mc2 is absolutely true in orbital time. Even if mass and energy were precisely measured, this formula has embedded in it an experimentally-derived, unit-conversion factor that requires a time measurement by some clock. Which type of clock should be used: an orbital clock or an atomic clock? Again, we can see that E=mc2 is “clock dependent.”

If c has decreased (using the orbital time standard), neither length, electrical charge, nor temperature standards would change. Therefore, chemical and nuclear reactions would not change. However, the speed of chemical and nuclear reactions would change, because the vibrational frequencies of atoms and nuclei would change. Also, radioactive decay rates, which depend on the vibrational frequency of the nucleus, would decrease if c decreased.

16.

F. Duccio Macchetto and Mark Dickerson, “Galaxies in the Young Universe,” Scientific American, Vol. 276, May 1997, p. 95.

17.

Govert Schilling, “Early Start for Lumpy Universe,” Science, Vol. 281, 11 September 1998, p. 1593. [See also E. J. Ostrander et al., “The Hubble Space Telescope Medium Deep Survey Cluster Sample: Methodology and Data,” The Astronomical Journal, Vol. 116, December 1998, pp. 2644–2658.]

18.

This problem for conventional astronomy has been quietly recognized for several decades.

u

See Endnote 7 on page 381.

19.

J. A. Stevens et al., “The Formation of Cluster Elliptical Galaxies as Revealed by Extensive Star Formation,” Nature, Vol. 425, 18 September 2003, pp. 264–267.

u

See Endnote 15 on page 381.

20.

William G. Tifft, “Properties of the Redshift. III. Temporal Variation,” The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 382, 1 December 1991, pp. 396–415.

21.

“The biggest challenge to the standard model of galaxy formation could be the number of large galaxies showing the spiral structure in the early universe.” Ivo Labbé, as quoted by Ron Cowen, “Mature Before Their Time,” Science News, Vol. 163, 1 March 2003, p. 139.

22.

William G. Tifft and W. John Cocke, “Quantized Galaxy Redshifts,” Sky & Telescope, January 1987, p. 19.

23.

“Most Distant Galaxies: Surprisingly Mature,” Science News, Vol. 119, 7 March 1981, p. 148.

Thursday, December 2, 2010

TURN LEAD TO GOLD








Before Chemistry was a science, there was Alchemy. One of the supreme quests of alchemy is to transmute lead into gold. Lead (atomic number 82) and gold (atomic number 79) are defined as elements by the number of protons they possess. Changing the element requires changing the atomic (proton) number. The number of protons cannot be altered by any chemical means.

However, physics may be used to add or remove protons and thereby change one element into another. Because lead is stable, forcing it to release three protons requires a vast input of energy, such that the cost of transmuting it greatly surpasses the value of the resulting gold.

Transmutation of lead into gold isn't just theoretically possible - it has been achieved! There are reports that Glenn Seaborg, 1951 Nobel Laureate in Chemistry, succeeded in transmuting a minute quantity of lead (possibly en route from bismuth, in 1980) into gold. There is an earlier report (1972) in which Soviet physicists at a nuclear research facility near Lake Baikal in Siberia accidentally discovered a reaction for turning lead into gold when they found the lead shielding of an experimental reactor had changed to gold.

Today particle accelerators routinely transmute elements. A charged particle is accelerated using electrical and/or magnetic fields. In a linear accelerator, the charged particles drift through a series of charged tubes separated by gaps. Every time the particle emerges between gaps, it is accelerated by the potential difference between adjacent segments. In a circular accelerator, magnetic fields accelerate particles moving in circular paths. In either case, the accelerated particle impacts a target material, potentially knocking free protons or neutrons and making a new element or isotope. Nuclear reactors also may used for creating elements, although the conditions are less controlled.

In nature, new elements are created by adding protons and neutrons to hydrogen atoms within the nuclear reactor of a star, producing increasingly heavier elements, up to iron (atomic number 26). This process is called nucleosynthesis. Elements heavier than iron are formed in the stellar explosion of a supernova. In a supernova gold may be made into lead, but not the other way around.

While it may never be commonplace to transmute lead into gold, it is practical to obtain gold from lead ores. The minerals galena (lead sulfide, PbS), cerussite (lead carbonate, PbCO3), and anglesite (lead sulfate, PbSO4) often contain zinc, gold, silver, and other metals. Once the ore has been pulverized, chemical techniques are sufficient to separate the gold from the lead. The result is almost alchemy...almost.


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Lead into GoldFiction, © Copyright 2000, Jim Loy

The alchemists tried to turn lead into gold. If any of them succeeded, the word never got out. Personally, I do not think that any of them succeeded. It is a nuclear process, after all. Many alchemists probably had a very good intuitive understanding of chemistry. But nuclear reactions remained hidden within the nucleus of the atom. There just were not any clues, until the beginning of the twentieth century.

Uranium, and similar metals like Plutonium, spontaneously "decay" into lead. In essence, they fall downhill, losing energy, and become lead. This is because Uranium has a much higher energy "state" than lead does. Things tend to go downhill. Uranium goes downhill to lead. It is perfectly natural.

Well, lead has more energy than gold. That may surprise you. Here is gold, shiny and special. There is lead, dull and disgusting, when you come right down to it. But it is true. Lead has more energy than gold. So it is natural for lead to go downhill and become gold. Why doesn't it?
None of the non-radioactive elements ever spontaneously changes into an element with less energy. There are barriers. One of these natural atoms must gain energy, before it can finally go downhill to a lower energy. It is said that each of these atoms is stable.

It takes energy to move a lead atom over this barrier, before it can go downhill to gold. But, once it is over the barrier, you should get a lot of energy back. The process should produce more energy than it uses. In other words, it should be self-sustaining. Even though the process should be self-sustaining, it normally requires quite a lot of energy to start the ball rolling, so to speak.
So, I was concerned with supplying the energy to transform lead to gold. But a second problem occurred to me. What if my lead atoms went downhill and turned into something besides gold? It is not so bad to accidentally turn lead into silver. But turning lead into zinc could be quite embarrassing. So I began to form my theory that a lead atom needs an adjacent gold atom to "emulate." To carry the anthropomorphizing further, it seems natural for the lead atom to "want" to become a shiny gold atom. Luckily, this idea not only seems to change lead into gold, but at a much lower temperature than might be expected. The mysterious philospher's stone of the alchemists turns out to be gold itself.

At high temperatures, I thoroughly mix liquid lead and liquid gold. Some of the lead atoms change into gold. The remaining lead evaporates into a gas, which I later condense back into solid lead. I also solidify the liquid gold. In the end, I find that the mass of the gold has increased slightly (0.00037%), while the mass of the lead has decreased (0.00080%), after cleaning the lead coating off the inside of my glass equipment.

Repeating the experiment with the same gold and the same lead unfortunately results in almost no further change in the mass of the resulting gold. We have a state of diminishing returns. For some unknown reason, virgin gold would seem to be required.

I urgently need extensive funding to fine tune these very promising experiments. The government has surprisingly (perhaps not surprisingly) expressed no interest. So I am forced to turn to private investors. I estimate that they will at least double their investment in the next 12 months.

Monday, September 20, 2010

BEBERAPA UNSUR SAINS MELAYU ISLAM YANG TERTUA DAN CABARANNYA

Oleh : SHAHARIR BIN MOHAMAD ZAIN - INSPEM, UPM

Abstrak

Oleh sebab Hikayat Raja Pasai (HRP) dipercayai lebih tua daripada ‘Aqa’id al-Nasafi yang bertarikh 1593 itu maka apa-apa maklumat yang terdapat dalam buku ini bolehlah dianggap maklumat Melayu Islam yang tertua. Dalam kajian ini ditunjukkan adanya dalam HRP itu pokok yang tiada nama sainsnya, iaitu kapur barus, sebasani (tiada dalam kamus pun) dan beberapa jenis kesturi; dan adanya haiwan yang belum ada nama sainsnya, iaitu gelang-gelang, kara, kertang, kesturi, kuda semberani, semut sebesar kucing, ketam berdayung, lembedak mengidam, rama-rama bersil , udang sanggul dan ular lembu (5 terakhir ini tiada dalam kamus pun). Dalam HRP juga ditunjukkan ada bentuk ayat-ayat mantik Melayu Islam yang berbeza daripada sekarang umpamanya tiadanya penafian yang menggunakan “tidak” atau “bukan”, tetapi semuannya “tiada” dan gayanya cukup lembut sehingga bolehlah diistilahkan sebagai “penafian lembut”; pengkuantiti wujud pula hanya “ada” dan “adalah” (bentuk lembut, yang tiada sekarang), dan belum ada perkataan “wujud” atau “ujud”; pengkuantiti semesta yang cukup berbeza daripada sekarang ialah “barang” dan pengulangan kuantiti dan tiadalah perkataan “sebarang”, “setiap” (walaupun ada “tiap-tiap”). Mantik implikasi yang kurang digunakan sekarang ialah berbentuk “Setelah A maka B”, “Jika A nescaya B”, (atau “Jikalau”), “Maka tatkala A maka B” (atau tiada “Maka” itu); dan “Apabila A maka B”. Pengganti “jika” yang tidak digunakan sekarang ialah “dari karna itulah”, “oleh karna” dan “sebab karna” ; dan tiadalah ungkapan “oleh itu” atau “oleh sebab itu”. Penggunaan “Maka” di permulaan ayat amat berleluasa dan maknanya memang “perkara dahulu itu mengimplikasikan”. Orang Melayu pada abad ke-13M dahulu pun sudah tahu bilangan ratus, ribu , ribu-ribu, keti (= seratus ribu), sudah membezakan “tiada tepermanai”, “tiada terhisabkan” dan “tiada terkira-kira”. Mereka menggunakan ungkapan “tiada berbagai” untuk maksud “tiada bandingan”, dan mereka juga sudah biasa dengan matematik bahagi berpemberat atau dividen. Unit-unit sukatan yang mereka pakai agak komprehensif sehingga kepada unit banyaknya lombong emas (makdan, yang sepatutnya mikdarun/makdurun/ mukaddirun) dan banyaknya dakwat (koci); dan oleh itu ada yang tidak dirakamkan dalam kajian Abdul Razak (2000) tentang sukatan Melayu iaitu peti, koci, galang, makdan, sebu, rantau dan tiada berbagai. Terdapat juga istilah-istilah tentang arah atau mata angin atau kompas sekarang iaitu “timur” (atau “bawah angin”, “wetan”), “barat” (atau “atas angin”, “kulon”), utara, selatan, ilir, mudik atau hulu, dan kedudukan bintang dengan kewujudan “ahlul nujum” diraja. Adanya ahli kimia yang digelar “orang seri” yang hebat khususnya termasuklah membuat segala macam racun . Adanya ilmu kepemimpinan di dalam HRP ini juga menunjukkan kepemimpinan Melayu Islam sudah bertapak di kalangan pemimpin Melayu sejak abad ke-13M lagi dan sekaligus menidakkan Taj al-Salatin (TaS), karya Bukhari al-Jauhari 1603, sebagai sumber ilmu kepemimpinan Melayu Islam yang tertua; walaupun ciri-ciri kepemimpinan itu tidak sekomprehensif dalam TaS itu. HRP juga menceritakan tahap Feudalisme Melayu Islam yang cukup tinggi dalam abad ke-13M dan ke-14M dahulu dan adanya pelbagai amalan yang amat bertentangan dengan Islam di samping tahap emansipasi wanita yang agak luar biasa berbanding dengan wanita sekarang pun.

1. Muqaddimah

Kebanyakan sarjana bersetuju bahawa secara rasminya Islam mula bertapak di Pascabima (akronim baru untuk Alam Melayu) ini bermula di Acih, Sumatera Utara yang dahulunya terkenal dengan nama Pasai mulai sekitar 1280 (kerana tiadanya pertikaian tentang Raja Islam pertamanya mangkat 696H atau sekitar 1297M). Pandangan ini berasaskan pada tafsiran kepada cerita-sejarah yang dirakamkan dalam manuskrip Melayu Jawi berjudul “Hikayat Raja Pasai” (selepas ini diringkaskan sebagai HRP sahaja) yang dianggap satu daripada karya agung Melayu dan oleh itu telah pun diterbitkan dalam Siri Karya Agung oleh Yayasaan Karyawan dan Penerbit Fajar Bakti Kuala Lumpur 1999. Manuskrip ini tidak bertarikh tetapi secara ijmaknya disetujui siap ditulis sebaru-barunya pada 1520-an M dan kandungannya penuh dengan drama sejarah raja-raja Pasai sejak sekitar 1280 itu hinggalah ke akhir-akhir abad ke-14M. Oleh itu HRP jauh lebih tua daripada manuskrip yang tidak dipertikaikan lagi tertuanya setakat ini, ‘Aqa’id al-Nasafi (karya terjemahan) yang bertarikh 1590. Besarlah kemungkinannya HRP itulah karya asli tertua dalam bahasa Melayu Jawi. Oleh itu segala maklumat, khususnya maklumat sains, yang terdapat di dalam HRP boleh dianggap sebagai rakaman bahan sains Melayu Islam yang tertua, iaitu sejak akhir-akhir abad ke-13M hingga akhir-akhir abad ke-14M itu. Selama ini belum pernah manuskrip Melayu seperti HRP ini dikaji daripada perspektif sains yang cuba dilakukan sebaliknya di sini, walaupun adalah penonjolan wujudnya unsur-unsur matematik dalam manuskrip tertua Melayu Jawi, ‘Aqa’id al-Nasafi itu yang dilakukan oleh Abdul Razak dalam Kesturi 2002, 11(1&2). Dalam Jawhar 2(3), Okt/Nov 2005, Monique Zaini-Lajoubert membuat sorotan terhadap terjemahan HRP versi terjemahan ke bahasa Perancis (penerbitan kembali 2004 kepada terjemahan asalnya 1849 oleh Aristide Marre), dan beliau menyebut sepintas lalu adanya ilmu pengurusan dalam HRP. Inilah yang mencetuskan keinginan kami membuat kajian kepada HRP ini daripada perspektif sains ini. Sebenarnya, kekurangan sorotan manuskrip Melayu daripada aspek sainslah yang memberi gambaran bahawa tamadun Melayu tiada sains atau miskin sainsnya yang menyumbang sebabnya sejak 2003 mereka menolak bahasanya sendiri sebagai bahasa pembangunan sainsnya, dan mereka sedang menerima bahananya yang besar yang tidak mereka sedari setakat ini. Maka inilah kesempatannya yang difikirkan sesuai untuk menghakiskan lagi citra negatif ketiadaan sains dalam tamadun Melayu, moga-moga terowong panjang Melayu yang terbina itu tidak tertutup langsung di hujungnya yang nampaknya begitu gelap gelemat itu.

2. Status Mantik Melayu Islam yang Tertua (Sebaru-barunya Awal Abad ke-16M)

Penulisan zaman dahulu (manuskrip jawi) khususunya HRP memang tiada tanda bacanya dan oleh itu terserahlah kepada pembaca, penyusun atau pentranskripsinya memasukkan tanda bacanya berasaskan kepada kefahamannya dan gaya penulisan masa kini. Ini menjadikan gaya retorik sesuatu penulisan itu berubah mengikut pembacanya hingga kadang kalanya mengubah maksudnya. Peranan tanda baca dalam retorik mantik amatlah penting.

Bahasa Melayu dalam HRP menunjukkan adanya unsur-unsur mantik yang sepatutnya ada dalam sesuatu bahasa yang tahap retoriknya tinggi, iaitu kata penyambung, penafian, pengkuantitian semesta, pengkuantiti wujud, dan implikasi. Oleh sebab manuskrip ini ditulis sebaru-barunya pada awal abad ke-16M, maka bolehlah dianggap mantik yang diperoleh daripada manuskrip ini berupa mantik Melayu Islam abad tersebut.

2.1. Pernyataan Konjungsi

Dalam HRP pernyataan-pernyataan konjungsi (ayat yang mengandungi kata sendi atau konektif “dan”) dan disjungsi (ayat yang mengandungi kata sendi “atau”) boleh dikatakan sebanyak dalam sesebuah karangan masa kini sahaja. Malah dua ayat pertama HRP sudah pun ada menggunakan “dan”, “….Pasailah yang pertama membawa iman akan Allah dan akan Rasulullah. Maka ada raja dua bersaudara seorang namanya Raja Ahmad dan seorang namanya Raja Muhammad”. Ayat yang mengandungi kata sendi “atau” pula lagi sedap didengarnya/dibacanya seperti pada hlm 5 , dalam sebuah cakap ajuk, “ Hai bapaku, jikalau emas atau manikam ditunjukkan akan hamba atau ada diberi akan hamba tiadalah hamba sukacita behena seperti hamba melihat kanak-kanak ini”.

2.2. Penyataan Penafian dan Kontrapositif

Untuk penafian, HRP mengggunakan perkataan “tiada” sahaja, malah bentuk penafian seperti dalam ayat di atas tadi, “… tiadalah hamba sukacita….” menjadi normanya. Perkataan “tidak” atau “bukan” tidak digunakan dalam HRP, kecuali “tak” dalam ungkapan “tak dapat tiada” (hlm 30); semua bentuk penafian menggunakan “tiada” termasuklah ungkapan “tiada ada” (hlm 9). Contohnya dalam ayat “… hamba hendak minta tempat duduk, karna hamba tiada bertempat” (hlm 11), “ Tiada hamba tahu mengucap akan dia.”, “Adapun raja kita ini keluar katanya itu tiada kita tahu akan barang katanya itu.” (hlm 15), “..tiadalah ia minta ajari lagi.” (hlm 16), “…jikalau tiadaku makan nescaya daruhakalah aku….” (hlm 53; perkataan “daruhaka” lebih tepat drp versi modennya “derhaka”), “…tiadalah lagi dapat hamba berjalan.” (hlm 56), “…sekali-kali Si Beraim Bapa tiada mau daruhaka.” (hlm 56). Ada retorik penafian yang cukup indah lagi, “ …jika hamba mau daruhaka, jika Pasai se-Pasainya, jika Siam se-Siamnya, jika Cina se-Cinanya, jika Jawa se-Jawanya, jika Keling se-Kelingnya tiada dapat melawan aku.” (hlm 50). Perhatikanlah betapa rasa lembutnya setiap penafian ini kerana tidak menggunakan “tidak/bukan” ; oleh itu penafian ini wajar dinamai penafian lembut. Ayat kontrapositif dalam HRP juga cukup cantik seperti “…jikalau Si Beraim Bapa tiada kubunuh, kerajaanku jangan kekal dan bau syurga pun jangan kucium” (hlm 41) dan “Jika tiada aku kerajaan di dunia ini, di akhirat pun aku peroleh jua”. (hlm 48)

2.3. Pengkuantiti wujud dan Semesta

Pengkuantiti wujud dalam HRP ini dapat dikutip di merata-rata tempatnya, iaitu “ada” (hlm 7 dll) dan “adalah” (hlm 21; bentuk lembut: “maka adalah emas itu”.), tetapi tiada perkataan “wujud” atau “ujud”.

Pengkuantiti semesta yang ada dalam HRP ialah “suatu” (9 dll; berbeza drp sekarang kerana dahulu maknanya satu, mula-mula, dan “sesuatu” sekarang), “segala” (hlm 8 dan merata-rata slepas ini), “barang” (hlm 15 dll.), sekalian (hlm 69 dan merata sebelumnya; sepatutnya “sakalian”), tiap-tiap (hlm 62) dan “semua” (hlm 67). Satu cara yang biasa dilakukan dlm HRP apabila menunjukkan adanya

pengkuantiti semesta ialah dengan mengulang kata nama dengan imbuhan se- seperti “seorang seorang” (hlm 69; sepatutnya masa dahulu: “sa-orang sa-orang) dan “sehari hari” (hlm 27; sepatutnya “sa-hari sa-hari”).

Tiada pengkuantiti semesta berbentuk “setiap”. Sementara itu HRP juga ada perkataan “setengah” (hlm 42, 70), “di sana” (hlm 6) dan “di sini” (hlm 60) yang menunjukkan “ada” atau “tiada” itu.

2.4. Pernyataan Berimplikasi

Bentuk ayat implikasi atau sebab-musabab kini biasanya berbentuk jika/jikalau/kalau/andainya/seandainya/andaikan/sekiranya/anggaplah/apabila/tatkala/sela-gi/asalkan/setelah A, maka B; atau tiada “maka” itu; atau ayat berbentuk “B jika/jikalau/sendainya/sekiranya/…(dan sebagainya itu) A. Namun perkataan “maka” dalam HRP lebih banyak digunakan pada permulaan ayat sahaja, malah hampir setiap ayat bermula dengan maka. Umpamnya di halaman (hlm) 1, ada 7 daripada 11 ayat semuanya itu yang bermula dengan “maka”; manakala di hlm 2, ada 15 ayat drp 21 ayat semuanya yang bermula dengan “maka’. Ini pun sebenarnya bermaksud “Oleh itu terimplikasilah” oleh suatu premis yang sudah jelas atau tersirat dalam ayat-ayat sebelumnya. Penggunaan “maka” sebagai penyambung atau sendi juga sering dilakukan, yang juga bertujuan untuk menunjukkan akibat/natijah daripada perkara yang berlaku sebelumnya (suatu premis). Contohnya, “Ini hikayat ceritera raja yang pertama masuk agama Islam ini Pasai; maka ada diceriterakan oleh orang ….”. Contoh keduanya, “Maka dilihat oleh Raja Muhammad pada sama tengah betung itu…. ; maka hendak diparang oleh Raja Muhammad …, maka keluar seorang kanak-kanak…; maka dibuangkanyalah gedubangnya, lalu segera diambilnya kanak-kanak itu, maka didukungnya…. ”. Semua tanda baca dalam ayat-ayat yang dipetik itu asalnya tiada. Tanda baca itu dimasukkan oleh pentranskripsi HRP ini yang difikirkannya paling hampir sesuainya dengan gaya retorik sekarang.

Walau apa pun ayat-ayat berimplikasi dalam HRP yang dapat dikesani dan sama bentuknya dengan sekarang hanya berbentuk “Setelah A maka B”; “Jika A maka B”; “Jika A, B” (tiada maka); “Jika A nescaya B”; “Jikalau A maka B”; “Jikalau A, B” (tiada maka); “Jikalau A necaya B”; “Maka tatkala A maka B” (atau tiada “Maka” itu); dan “Apabila A maka B”. Contoh penggunaan “Setelah” ialah, “Setelah sudah negeri itu diperusaha oleh segala rakyat dengan kota paritnya serta dengan istana balairung, maka baginda pun duduklah dalam negeri itu dengan bersuka-suakan makan minum menjamu segala menteri dan hulubalang rakyat sekalian”. (HRP, hlm. 4 perenggan 2).

Contoh penggunaan “Jika” dan “Jikalau” ialah seperti berikut: “Jika rambut hamba sehelai itu dibantun oleh tuan hamba, alamat perceraian tuan hamba dengan hamba” . (HRP, hlm 7 para akhir). “Jikalau tuan hendak akan anak, baiklah hamba tunjukkan dia akan tuan.” (HRP, hlm. 5, baris ketiga terakhir. (Asalnya “jikakau”, yang hanya berupa ralat tipografi kerana teks Jawinya memang huruf “lam” bukannya “kap”); dan “Jikalau kumakan makanan ini nescaya matilah aku, jikalau tiada ku makan nescaya derhakalah aku,…” (hlm 53, prenggan 2).

Contoh yang bermula dengan “Apabila” ialah “Apabila sudah berhimpun sekaliannya datang mengadap Raja Ahmad, maka diceriterakannya….” (HRP hlm. 6 para 1). Contoh dengan “tatkala” (dipakai selepas “maka” sebagai kata mula sahaja itu) ialah, “Maka tatkala sudah berhimpun segala lasykarnya lengkap dengan segala senjatanyanya, maka pada ketika yang baik, maka berangkatlah Raja Ahmad itu…”.

Ungkapan yang setara dengan “jika” daripada segi menunjukkan premis kepada sesuatu implikasi juga sering menjadi unsur retorik yang popular dalam HRP, iaitu ungkapan “sebab itulah” (hlm 13, 16 dll), “dari karna itulah” (hlm 25); “oleh karna” (hlm 52), “sebab” (hlm 8 dll), “sebab karna” (hlm 8, 39 dll). Namun tiada ungkapan “oleh itu” atau “oleh sebab itu” di dalam HRP.

3. Adanya Pokok di Pascabima dalam Pertengahan Kedua Abad Ke-13M yang Belum Dikenali oleh Ahli Botani Dunia Kini?

HRP juga memberi maklumat beberapa spesies pokok (33 jenis semuanya) di Pascabima ini yang hampir semuanya pernah wujud dahulu hingga kini, dan ini sepatutnya menarik perhatian para ahli sains hayat (khususnya ahli botani) di Pascabima sekarang pun jika mereka ini perihatin kepada etnosainsnya. Oleh sebab pokok-pokok yang disebut dalam HRP itu banyak yang disebut ketika menceritakan zaman-zaman abad sebelum tarikh penulisannya, menjangkau hingga pertengahan kedua abad ke-13 M, maka bolehlah dianggap pokok-pokok ini ada dalam abad tersebut. Pokok-pokok yang disebut dalam HRP ialah, mengikut susunan abjadnya, beluru (hlm 55) , bengkudu (hlm 70), betung (hlm 3), buluh telang (hlm 69), cendana (hlm 66), cengkih (hlm 17), gaharu (hlm 17), jambu (hlm 19), kajang (hlm 66), kara (hlm 42), kapur barus (hlm 17), kayu manis (hlm 66), kejemas (hlm 41), kelambir (hlm 44, kelambir luluh lantak hlm 36), kemenyan (hlm 17), kesturi (hlm 66), khelembak (hlm 17), kulur (hlm 53), limau (hlm 41), mawar (hlm 40), mesui (hlm 66), padi (hlm 10), pala (hlm 17), pauh (hlm 64), pekan (hlm 36, 49), pinang (hlm 43), pisang (hlm 10), rotan (hlm 66), sabak (hlm 52), sebasani (hlm 55), sirih (hlm 67), dan tengkeras (hlm 17).

Yang lebih menarik lagi, apabila disemak pada Kamus Dewan (KD) dan Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia (KBI) yang memang terkenal (selepas ini dirujuk sebagai Kamus Muktabar (KM) sahaja) menyenaraikan nama-nama sains bagi pokok-pokok dan haiwan di Pascabima yang diketahui setakat penerbitan kamus-kamus itu, maka di dapati kapur barus (walaupun begitu terkenal), sebasani (malah tiada dalam KD tetapi dalam KBI ada dalam bentuk “sabasani”) dan beberapa jenis kesturi itu tiada nama sainsnya (Dalam KBI kasturi dibezakan dengan kesturi, iaitu yang pertama itu sejenis pokok khas di Kalimantan yang diketahui nama sainsnya dan yang kedua itu tumbuhan yang berbagai-bagai jenis yang tidak semuanya ada nama sainsnya itu). Dalam Catatan Teks (hlm 76) buku HRP, hanya “buluh telang” sahaja yang dijelaskan maknanya dan diberi nama sainsnya sekali, yang memang ada dalam kamus muktabar itu, sebagai Gigantochloa heterostachya. Perincian ini dilakukan mungkin kerana buluh telang berperanan besar mengalahkan Jawa dan munculnya Minangkabau itu yang diceritakan dengan panjang lebarnya dalam bab terakhir HRP itu. Berkenaan pokok sebasani atau lebih tepat lagi sabasani itu HRP mencatatkan bahawasanya pokok ini berupa seperti ular (seperti akar?), berdarah (mengeluarkan getah, jus atau air berwarna darah?) dan boleh mengeram kesakitan (apabila ditetak) seperti manusia, dan sesiapa yang bertemu dengan pohon ini akan “terkejut terketar-ketar rebah lalu mati” (hlm 55). Isu nama-nama sains bagi pokok-pokok di Pascabima ini pertama kali dibangkitkan oleh Shaharir (2003), dalam makalahnya, “Etnosains Melayu tertua setakat ini: Kajian kasus etnobotani Melayu daripada prasasti Talang Tuwo abad ke-7 Masehi dan peribahasa” yang terbit dalam Malaysian Jour. of Sc. And Technology Studies 1: 78-113. Perbincangan di atas menambahkan lagi senarai pokok yang perlu dikaji oleh ahli botani dan/atau ahli leksikografi kita.

4. Adanya Haiwan di Pascabima dalam Pertengahan Kedua Abad Ke-13M yang Belum Dikenali oleh Ahli Zoologi Dunia Kini?

Sepertilah juga dengan kehadiran pokok-pokok, kehadiran haiwan-haiwan yang disebut dalam HRP boleh dianggap haiwan yang ada pada pertengahan kedua abad ke-13M dahulu. HRP memberi maklumat adanya beberapa (berjumlah 28) spesies haiwan Pascabima yang juga patut diminati oleh ahli zoologi tempatan untuk memastikan yang haiwan itu sudah diketahui atau tidak (sebahagian besarnya memang sudah diketahui). Haiwan tersebut ialah anjing (hlm 13), badak (hlm 60), gajah (hlm 5), gelang-gelang (hlm 9), harimau (hlm 42), hayam (hlm 11), helang (hlm 45), ikan patin (hlm 47), itik (hlm 69), kambing (hlm 69), kara (hlm 42, dalam KM, segi sains hayat, “kara” boleh jadi pokok dan boleh jadi haiwan), kerbau (hlm 10), kertang (hlm 45), kesturi (hlm 66; selain drp sejenis pokok yang disebut di atas, mengikut KM itu, burung kesturi ialah burung seperti burung bayan atau serindit); ketam berdayung (hlm 47), kucing (hlm 13), kuda semberani (hlm 42), lembedak mengidam/ngidam (hlm 47), lembu (hlm 69), merak (hlm 43), naga (hlm 55), pelanduk (hlm 22), rama-rama bersil (hlm 47), saga (hlm 67), semut sebesar kucing (hlm 13), singa (hlm 68), udang sanggul (hlm 47), dan ular lembu (hlm 54).

Yang lebih menariknya, ada 11 jenis haiwan itu (selain daripada “naga” yang terkenal sebagai haiwan mitos itu) yang tiada catatan nama sainsnya dalam KM itu, iaitu gelang-gelang, kara, kertang, kesturi, ketam berdayung (tiada dalam KM pun), kuda semberani, lembedak mengidam (tiada dalam KM), rama-rama bersil (tiada dalam KM pun), semut sebesar kucing, udang sanggul (tiada dalam KM pun) dan ular lembu (tiada dalam KM pun). Berkenaan dengan ular lembu ini HRP memerihalkannya sebagai ular yang diam dalam lubuk yang dalam dan luas (Lubuk Turai namanya yang “terlalu amat dalam” dan luasnya “kira-kira sekunca benih”, hlm 54), boleh mengeluarkan cahaya, “merah seperti api bernyala-nyala” dan dagingnya amat bisa sehingga sesiapa yang menghidu asap daripada panggangan daging ular itu akan mati. Ini menambahkan lagi isu nama-nama sains kepada haiwan di alam Melayu yang pertama kali ditimbulkan oleh Shaharir (2005a).

5. Taraf Sains Kejasmanian (Fizis) Melayu Islam Yang Tertua (Pada Pertengahan Kedua Abad ke-13M)

HRP juga membayangkan ketinggian kebudayaan Melayu pada pertengahan kedua abad ke-13M itu dalam kehidupannya seperti yang terpancar daripada keadaan mereka yang berikut:

5. 1. Bilangan

Orang Melayu sejak pertengahan kedua abad ke-13M itu sudah tahu bilangan termasuk istilah untuk bilangan yang cukup besar yang diistilahkannya sebagai ratus (hlm 65), ribu (hlm 62), ribu-ribu (hlm 69), keti (= seratus ribu, hlm 65), “tiada tepermanai” (hlm 67), dan “tiada terhisabkan” (hlm 63) dan “tiada terkira-kira” (hlm 63). Tiga ungkapan amaun/banyaknya yang disenaraikan terakhir di atas itu nampaknya ada perbezaaan yang halus: “tiada tepermanai” ditujukan kepada perkara umum, “tiada terhisabkan” untuk perkara yang memang sukar ditaksirkan sahaja, dan “tiada terkira-kira” untuk harta benda atau barang bernilai. Ini seanalog dengan perbezaan matematik antara “uncountable” dengan “nondenumerable” dalam bahasa Inggeris itu. Berkenaan dengan unit “keti” itu memanglah bitara dalam kebudayaan Melayu sahaja kerana tiada unit ini di Eropah termasuk Inggeris. Sebenarnya banyak lagi unit-unit bilangan Melayu purba, hingga billion-bilion-an (yang terbesarnya bernama wisyilion), yang tidak sama dengan dalam tamadun-tamadun purba lain yang dipaparkan dalam Warkah Berita PERSAMA 2004. Menarik juga perkataan “hisab” yang bermaksud “hitung’ sudah meluas dipakai sejak abad ke-13M. Perkataan ini memang menjadi istilah “matematik” atau “aritmetik” sehingga tahun 1970-an di Malaysia.

Mereka juga ada ungkapan “tiada berbagai” yang bermaksud “tiada bandingan”. Mereka juga sudah biasa dengan matematik bahagi berpemberat atau dividen sekarang seperti yang diungkapkan dalam HRP itu, “… suruh bahagi tiga segala arta itu sebahagi akan Sang Nata dan sebahagi akan Senapati dengan segala menteri penggawa dan yang sebahagi lagi akan segala rakyat dan segala bala tenteranya.” (hlm 64), “Sang Nata pun memberi persilayan segala hulubalang dan rakyat sekalian masing-masing pada kadarnya”. (Dalm HRP ini, perkataan “persalinan” yang ditranskripsi daripada tulisan Jawi (faksimili hlm 129) yang tidak jelas ejaannya itu, yang kami transkripsikan sebagai “persilayan” (drp per+sila+ layan yang kami kira bermakna “habuan kebendaan” atau “keraian” sekarang) itu kerana kami fakir “persalinan” amat tidak sesuai dalam konteks ini).

5.2. Unit Sukatan

Selain itu, dalam HRP juga terdapat unit-unit untuk menyukat banyaknya atau amaun benda-benda yang umum dan yang khusus yang berikut:

Jarak/Panjang/Lilit: hari perjalanan (hlm 55), rantau (hlm 49, 52), jengkal (hlm 49), depa (hlm 36), hasta (hlm 36), pendakap (hlm 46), jambar (hlm 37)

Luas: kunca (hlm 54; sekunca benih). Unit ini juga digunakan untuk isi padu.

Isi padu (terutamanya makanan): kunca ( hlm 39, 54 ) yang masih dipakai sebagai sukatan padi terutamanya di Kedah hingga sekarang. Mengikut catatan penyusun HRP banyaknya “160 gantang” (satu lagi unit Melayu lama yang tidak memberi makna apa-apa pada generasi sekarang, sungguh dalam kitab-kitab fekah lama masih ada istilah ini dan dalam lagu P.Ramlee pun masih berkumandang di udara terutamanya di musim Raya Puasa. Satu gantang bersamaan dengan kira-kira 4.54 liter (mengikut kamus muktabar).

[Unit yang lebih kecil daripada kunca yang disebut dalam HRP ialah nalih (hlm 39) yang mengikut catatan penyusun HRP bersamaan dengan “16 gantang”.]

[Unit yang lebih umum ialah kampit (hlm 11) dan perkataan “sebu” digunakan untuk apa jua sukatan benda yang penuh dalam sesuatu benda.]

Masa: saat (hlm 5), jam (hlm 33), malam (hlm 58), hari (hlm 63), bulan (hlm 62), musim angin (hlm 66), ketika (ada di merata-rata halaman HRP), ketika selatan (hlm 40), netiasa (=sentiasa, hlm 28), penah (=pernah, hlm 22), datang sekarang (=hingga sekarang, hlm 32), sekali persetua (hlm 13), dan daur kecil yang contohnya dalam HRP ini dicatatkan pada akhir manuskripnya “Tamat hari Isnin, kepada hari dua pulu sa, kepada bulan Muharam, sanat zai Hijratul Nabi 1230.” Mengikut penyusun HRP yg disorot ini, tahun ini sama dgn “tahun Je” (iaitu tentunya maksudnya, huruf Jim), tahun keempat dalam Windu Jawa. Tetapi mengikut fahaman kami (lihat Warkah Berita PERSAMA 2004) tahun 1230H ini jika dibahagi dgn 4 berlebih 2 yang bersamaan dengan tahun kedua Windu Jawa, tahun Jim Awal kerana ada tahun Jim Akhir (tahun 5). Berkenaan dengan sanat zai (=tahun zai ) itu memang tepat dengan sistem penamaan tahun dalam “daur kecil” yang dipaparkan dalam Warkah Berita PERSAMA 2004 yang disebut di atas.

Rotan: galang (hlm 54 )

Emas: makdan ( hlm 21,sepatutnya mikdar/mikdarun atau makdur/ makdurun, dan bahara (hlm 17).

Kertas/Pakaian dsbnya: peti (hlm 57)

Dakwat: koci (hlm 57)

Kalam (Pensil sekarang): berkas (hlm 57)

Adanya unit kertas dan dakwat ini menunjukkan budaya menulis di kalangan orang Melayu pada abad ke-14 dahulu pun sudah agak menyeluruh. Penulis kira ini satu pengetahuan yang belum didedahkan kepada masyarakat sebelum ini. Menarik juga adanya beberapa unit di sini (iaitu peti, koci, galang, makdan, sebu, rantau dan tiada berbagai) yang tidak disenaraikan dalam kajian sukatan Melayu oleh Abdul Razak (2000), “Sukatan dalam Budaya Melayu sebelum Abad ke-20”, Kesturi 10(1&2): 1-40.


5.3.Arah kedudukan dan perjalanan

Orang Melayu sejak pertengahan abad ke-13 M itu sudah pun memerlukan istilah “mata angin” atau kompas sekarang bagi penjelajahannya dan perancangan kegiatan hidupannya sehingga mereka sudah ada istilah “timur” (hlm 66; dan tentunya “barat”?) , selatan (hlm 40; dan tentunya “utara”?) selain daripada istilah Jawa yang setaranya seperti “wetan” (hlm. 66) dan “kulon” (hlm 66) untuk kawasan Jawa dan lebih am lagi “bawah angin” (hlm 3) bagi timur, dan “atas angin” (hlm 36) bagi barat , ilir (52) dan mudik (hlm 49) atau hulu (hlm 48), dan kedudukan bintang dengan kewujudan “ahlul nujum” diraja (hlm 19). Mereka arif dalam penjelajahan dan ilmu bintang kerana Melayu terkenal dengan pengetahuan pelayarannya sehingga Magellan (abad ke-15M, yang sering dikatakan pengeliling dunia pertama itu yang perlu dipertikaikan itu; lihat kisah pelayaran Magellan yang kritis di internet, dengan menaip “henry the black” atau terus ke lubuk http//www. wikipedia.org/wiki./Henry_the_Black) dan ahli sejarah tabii Inggeris yang bernama Wallace (abad ke-18M, dalam catatan pengembaraan di “Kepulauan Melayu” dalam bukunya “The Malay Archipelego: The Land of Orang-Utan and the Bird of Paradise”, terbitan MacMillan 1868 dan diulang cetaknya pada 1970-an) kedua-duanya mengambil orang Melayu sebagai pembantunya. Magellan mengambil seorang Melayu yang diberi nama Sepanyol-nya, Enrique, yang diInggerikan oleh penulis Inggeris menjadi Henry, dan gelarannya Enrique Melaka atau Enrique Hitam (yang diInggeriskan sebagai “Henry the Black” yang menunjukkan nama sebenarnya Hitam), dan yang dijadikan sebuah bahan nobel sejarah oleh Harun Aminurrashid tahun 1960-an dahulu dengan judul “Penglima Hitam”; manakala Wallace mengaambil Ahmad yang gambarnya ada dilukis dalam buku beliau itu masing-masingnya sebagai pembantu utamanya dalam pelayaran dan kerja-kerja penjelajahan mereka. Dalam HRP ada disebut nama bintang yang terkenal iaitu “ketika” (hlm 40) yang juga dikenali “Bintang Tujuh’ seperti yang dicatat oleh penyusun HRP itu. Bintang ini juga dikenali sebagai “Kutika” dan “Kartika”; dan mengikut kamus Winstedt (1957/1972), padanan istilah Inggeris-Latin-nya ialah Pleiades. Jelaslah begitu aslinya istilah bintang ini dalam bahasa Melayu.

5.4. Orang Seri (Kimiawan Khusus)

Orang Melayu sejak abad ke-14M lagi sungguh hebat dalam membuat racun (iaitu hebat dalam kimia amali, kalau pun bukan teori) yang dicontohi oleh ciptaan racun oleh “orang seri” (yang diceritakan dalam HRP) yang dimasukkan ke dalam kuih yang bernama “peniaram” itu (kini namanya “Peneram”, “Memerang” atau “Telinga Keling” ) untuk membunuh seorang hulubalang gagah perkasa yang bernama Tun Beraim Bapa. Bagaimana kuatnya racun itu, bukan sahaja dua orang puteri raja, anjing dan ayam yang mati serta merta setelah makan sedikit sahaja kuih beracun itu tetapi juga dua orang yang menggaru belakang Tun Beraim Bapa, yang sedang menerima bahana racun tersebut, gugur kukunya dan mati; pokok bekas Tun Beraim Bapa menggaru belakangnya setelah beliau makan kuih beracun itu juga mati serta merta. Hanya daging “ular lembu” yang beracun lebih daripada racun buatan “orang seri” itu. Keracunan daging “ular lembu” itu begitu hebat sehingga sesiapa yang menghidu asap drp bakaran ular tersebut pun mati serta-merta. Malah Tun Beraim Bapa tidak mati kerana racun drp kuih “peniaram” tetapi drp racun “ular lembu” yang sengaja dimakannya itu.

5.5. Kedudukan ilmuwan

Pengiktirafan besar kepada perihal ilmu juga dapat dilihat bukan sahaja kepada “orang seri” dan “ahlul nujum” itu tetapi kepada pandangan tinggi masyarakat terhadap seorang putera raja Pasai, Tun Abu Fadil, kerana bertaraf pendeta itu. Ratu Majapahit, Raden Galuh Gemerenceng (RGG), digambarkan begitu berahi kepadanya kerana antara lainnya, kependetaannya itu, sehingga sanggup membunuh diri kerana cita-citanya untuk menjadi isteri Tun Abu Fadil itu tidak kesampaian, dan akibatnya Pasai dilanggar Majapahit.



6. Sains Sosial dan Kemanusiaan Melayu Islam Abad ke-14M

Kedudukan ilmuwan yang tinggi dari kaca mata masyarakat Melayu sekurang-kurang sejak abad ke-14M telah dibicarakan di bahagain akhir 5.3 di atas. HRP juga memberi gambaran tentang feudalisme dan amalan yang bertentangan sangat dengan Islam, status wanita rumpun Melayu pada abad ke-14M dan ilmu kepemimpinan Melayu ketika itu. Ini dihuraikan satu persatu di bawah ini

6.1 Ilmu Kepemimpinan Melayu Islam yang Tertua?

Paling menarik lagi, HRP ini ada unsur ilmu kepemimpinan yang menunjukkan tahap sivil atau madani masyarakat Melayu pada pertengahan kedua abad ke-13 M itu pun sudah agak tinggi. Ini boleh dianggap ilmu kepemimpinan Melayu Islam yang tertua, jauh lebih awal daripada ilmu kepemimpinan Melayu Islam yang dianggap tertua sebelum ini daripada buku Bukhari al-Jauhari, “Taj al-Salatin” 1603 itu, yang telah dikupas oleh Shaharir (2005b). Ilmu kepemimpinan Melayu sebelum Islam memang jauh lebih lama lagi, yang dikenali sebagai Cakravantin yang wujud sekurang-kurangnya sejak abad ke-6M lagi yang dibicarakan dalam makalah Shaharir itu dan lebih terperinci lagi dalam makalah Shaharir (2005c), “Teori kepemimpinan Melayu Campa” yang dibentangkan di Simposium Sehari Campa di UKM pada 30 Nov. 2005.

Ilmu kepemimpinan dalam HRP dapat dicungkil daripada kesah nasihat Sultan Malikul Saleh kepada dua orang Perdana Menterinya (hlm.24) dan nasihat baginda kepada cucundanya (bakal penggantinya), Malikul Mansur dan Malikul Mahmud (hlm.25), serta wasiat Sultan Malikul Mahmud kepada anaknya Sultan Ahmad (hlm. 33). Seperti biasa, kami memadankan Raja/Sultan Melayu dahulu setara dengan Perdana Menteri/Presiden, Pemimpin Politik atau Pemimpin (Ketua Pegawai Eksekutif) sesebuah syarikat/institusi/organisasi dsbnya; manakala Perdana Menteri dahulu dipadankan dengan Pengurus sekarang. Oleh itu mengikut HRP, seseorang Pengurus yang unggul ialah (1) yang setia kepada pemimpinnya, (2) yang tidak melakukan penganiayaan dalam apa bentuk sekalipun, (3) yang melakukan pengurusan mengikut lunas-lunas yang ditetapkan oleh Allah/al-Qur-aan.

HRP juga menggariskan pemimpin yang unggul yang sifatnya ialah (1) pemelihara makruf (amar/suruhan Allah dan Rasullah) dan penghindar mungkar (larangan Allah dan Rasul), (2) yang tidak tamak harta dunia, (3) yang tidak ingin segala yang tidak memberi manfaat kepada hari akhirat, (4) yang cakna/ikram kepada segala titah perintah Allah dan Rasul, (5) yang ikhlas dengan hal kebajikan, (6) yang meninggalkan segala kejahatan, (7) yang menyuruh orang berbuat kebajikan dan melarang segala orang berbuat kejahatan, (8) yang berlaku adil, (9) bermesyuarat, (10) penyabar, dan (11) yang tidak menganiaya. Dengan kaedah aksiom dalam Matematik senarai ini masih boleh disingkatkan hanya kepada tujuh : (1), (2), (3), (5), (8), (9) dan (10) kerana (1) mengimplikasikan (4), (6) dan (7); manakala (8) mengimplikasikan (11).

Teori kepemimpinan dalam HRP ini nampaknya kurang mencakupi dan mendalam (tiada kepentingan “berilmu” umpamanya) daripada yang terdapat dalam Tajus Salatin oleh Bukhari al-Jauhari tetapi kedua-duanya sama falsafahnya, iaitu walaupun tidak jelas berfalsafahkan kpd ‘kepemimpinan ulama’ tetapi jelas bersifat “kepemimpinan Islam”. Islam di sini bermaksud Islam Melayu, iaitu Islam mengikut perspektif Melayu yang tidak semestinya sama dengan Islam Arab, atau Islam Zaman Tamadun Islam dahulu. (Lihat Shaharir 2005c yang telah disebut di atas)

6.2. Feudalisme dan Pelbagai Amalan yang Amat Bertentangan dengan Islam

Amalan feudalisme begitu hebat digambarkan dalam HRP sehingga apa sahaja kehendak dan perintah raja, suka atau tidak, tetap dijunjung walaupun jelas bertentangan dengan Islam sekalipun. Contoh yang paling melampaunya ialah telatah raja Pasai terakhir yang Islam tetapi boleh cinta berahi kepada kedua-dua puterinya dan kemahuan nafsu serakahnya itu tetap disokong oleh pembesar-pembesarnya dengan pelbagai hujah yang menyukakan raja tersebut. Apabila anak lelakinya, Tun Beraim Bapa yang juga terkenal sebagai pahlawan perkasa Pasai melindungi kedua-dua puteri itu maka beliau berdendam kesumat mahu membunuh anaknya itu. Semua pembesar dan rakyat jelata tahu hakikat ini tetapi tetap tidak menegur kejahatan raja itu termasuklah juga anak lelaki yang hendak dibunuhnya Tun Beraim Bapa itu! Akhirnya, Tun Beraim Bapa juga melanggar hukum Islam yang besar dengan membunuh diri sahaja kerana tidak mahu menderhaka. Raja yang sama membunuh anak lelakinya yang satu lagi, Tun Abu Fadil yang telah disebut di atas, kerana tidak mahu anaknya yang terkenal tampan dan bertaraf pendeta serta amat popular di kalangan rakyatnya itu, menjadi suami seorang puteri raja Majapahit, Raden Galuh Gemerenceng yang telah disebut di atas.

6.3. Status Emansipasi Wanita Rumpun Melayu

Cerita RGG ini yang mengarahkan hulubalangnya Tun Perpatih Jena menjelajah seluruh pelusuk Pascabima ini untuk merakamkan paras rupa putera-putera raja “yang bijaksana dan perkasa” bagi dijadikan calon suaminya, dan kemudiannya tidak silu-silu lagi menyatakan cinta berahinya kepada calon yang keseratus, anak raja Pasai yang terkenal dengan rupawan dan bergelar pendeta itu, Tun Abu Fadil, lalu mengetuai belayar ke Pasai bagi mendapatkannya membayangkan taraf emansipasi wanita Jawa (atau Melayu amnya?) pada abad ke-14 itu. Begitu juga bagaimana raja Terakhir Pasai, Raja Ahmad, mempunyai “setiausaha peribadi” atau semacam “pegawai perhubungan awam” istana baginda (berpangkat Penghulu Gundik) bernama Dara Zulaikha Tingkap juga menunjukkan taraf emansipasi wanita yang dimaksudkan ini.


7. Kesimpulan

Sesungguhnya menerusi buku HRP yang dipercayai salinan manuskrip Jawi alam Melayu yang tertua itu memberi banyak juga gambaran dan bukti bentuk-bentuk dan status sains Melayu pada zaman awal Islam menapak di Pascabima (=Alam Melayu, Nusantara) ini, iaitu yang terawal setakat ini. Dalam bidang sains fizis (sukatan, bilangan, pelayaran dan kimia keracunan) pencapaiannya ketara agak kehadapan berbanding dengan tamadun bangsa-bangsa Eropah umpamanya, di sekitara abad yang sama itu. Dalam ilmu kepemimpinan orang Melayu memang terkenal mendahului bangsa-bangsa lain di dunia yang terbukti daripada batu bersurat Campa abad ke-6M tentang Cakravantin (Pemimpin Dunia) tu, dan HRP membuktikan tradisi ini diteruskan dengan penerapan nilai-nilai Islam sejak sekitara abad ke-15M lagi. Dalam perihal mantik, struktur mantik yang tersurat dalam bahasa Melayu sudah agak terkehadapan yang memberi justifikasi kekuatan pentaakulan sains orang-orang Melayu dapat menyaingi bahasa-bahasa sains dunia pada sekitar abad ke-15M itu, iaitu bahasa Latin, Perancis dan Arab. Kewujudan haiwan dan pokok pada abad ke-15 yang masih belum diketahui wujud atau tidaknya sekarang dan oleh belum diketahui nama sainsnya hingga kini menjadi cabaran besar kepada ahli sains hayat kita. Tiga konsep ketakterhinggaan Melayu sekitar abad ke-15M itu (“tiada tepermanai”, “tiada terhisabkan” dan “tiada terkira-kira”) mungkin boleh menjadi asas pembinaan teori ketaktepermanai Melayu yang berlainan daripada teori ketaktepermanai Jerman abad ke-19M yang ada dalam buku-buku teks matematik sekarang (yang diistilahkan sebagai “tak terhinga” atau “tak berhingga” sebagai padanan Inggeris “uncountable” yang dipadankan daripada istilah asalnya Jerman, ueberabzaehlbar).


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